Medical School: Jefferson Medical College of the Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 1972

Internship: National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, 1972-73

Residency: National Naval Medical Center Bethesda, MD, 1973-75

Fellowship: Neurosurgical Anesthesia, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 1975 and Critical Care Anesthesia, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, 1976

Board Certification: American Board of Anesthesiology, 1976